Unfortunateley, the only way to find out the current patch level of SharePoint 2010 is checking the build level. For easier reference, here are the current build levels and corresponding hotfixes for SharePoint 2010:

Build

Release

Affected Objects

 ​KB Info

Downloads

 Revisions

14.0.4763.1000

RTM

All components

 ​

Download

 ​

14.0.4762.1000

 RTM Farm Build Version ​ ​
      ​   ​

14.0.5114.5003

June 2010 CU

SharePoint Foundation 2010

​

KB2028568

 ​

14.0.5114.5003

June 2010 CU

Microsoft Shared Components

 ​

KB2281364

 ​

14.0.5114.5003

June 2010 CU

Microsoft SharePoint Portal

 ​

KB983497

​

14.0.5114.5003

June 2010 CU

Microsoft User Profiles

14.0.5114.5003

June 2010 CU

Microsoft Search Server 2010 Core

14.0.5114.5003

June 2010 CU

Microsoft Web Analytics Web Front End Components

 ​

KB2204024

 ​
        ​    ​

14.0.5123.5000

 August 2010 CU

SharePoint Foundation​ 2010

​

KB2352346

 ​

14.0.5123.5000

 August 2010 CU

SharePoint Server 2010

 ​ KB2352342 ​
      ​   ​
14.0.5128.5000
​		 October 2010 CU​ SharePoint Foundation​ 2010 ​ KB2394323​ ​
14.0.5128.5000​
 October 2010 CU​ SharePoint Server 2010​ ​ KB2394320​ ​
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​
14.0.5130.5002​
 ​December 2010 CU
SharePoint Foundation 2010
​		 ​ KB2459125 ​ ​
14.0.5130.5002​
​		 December 2010 CU​ SharePoint Server 2010​ ​ KB2459257​ ​
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​
14.0.5136.5002​ February 2011 CU​
SharePoint Foundation 2010
​		 ​ KB2475880​ ​
14.0.5136.5002​ February 2011 CU​ SharePoint Server 2010​ ​ KB2475878 ​
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​
14.0.5138.5000
 ​April 2011 CU ​SharePoint Foundation 2010 ​ KB2512804​ ​
14.0.5138.5000
 ​April 2011 CU SharePoint Server 2010​ ​ KB2512800 ​
14.0.5138.5000
 ​April 2011 CU ​Project Server 2010 ​ KB2512801 ​
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​
​14.0.6029.1000 ​Service Pack 1 ​SharePoint Server 2010​ KB2460045 Download ​
​14.0.6029.1000 ​Service Pack 1 ​Office Web Apps KB2460073 Download ​
​​14.0.6029.1000 ​Service Pack 1 ​Project Server 2010 KB2460047 Download ​
​14.0.6029.1000 ​Service Pack 1 ​SharePoint Foundation 2010 KB2460058 Download ​
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​
​14.0.6105.5000 ​June 2011 CU Version 1 ​​SharePoint Server 2010​ ​ KB2536599 ​
​14.0.6105.5000 ​June 2011 CU Version 1 ​SharePoint Foundation 2010 ​ KB2536601 ​
​14.0.6105.5000 ​​June 2011 CU Version 1 ​Project Server 2010 ​ KB2536590 ​
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​
​14.0.6106.5002 ​​June 2011 CU Version 2 ​​​SharePoint Server 2010​ KB2536599 Download Regressions
​14.0.6106.5002 ​​June 2011 CU Version 2 ​SharePoint Foundation 2010 KB2536601​ Download ​
​14.0.6106.5002 ​​June 2011 CU Version 2 ​Project Server 2010 KB2536590 Download ​
14.0.6105.5000 ​June 2011 CU ​Office Web Apps KB2553919 ​Download ​
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​
14.0.6109.5002 ​August 2011 CU ​SharePoint Server 2010 KB2553048 Download Regressions
14.0.6109.5000 ​August 2011 CU ​​SharePoint Foundation 2010 KB2553117 ​Download ​
14.0.6109.5000
​		 ​August 2011 CU ​Project Server 2010 KB2553047 ​Download ​
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​
14.0.6112.5000 ​October 2011 CU ​SharePoint Server 2010 KB2596505 ​Download ​Bugs, Notes, and Regressions
14.0.6112.5000 ​​October 2011 CU ​​​SharePoint Foundation 2010 KB2596508 ​Download ​
14.0.6112.5000 ​​October 2011 CU ​​Project Server 2010 KB2596506 ​Download ​
14.0.6114.5000 December 2011 CU ​SharePoint Server 2010
​Download ​Bugs, Notes
and Regressions
14.0.6114.5000 December 2011 CU ​SharePoint Foundation 2010

KB2596998

 ​Download ​
14.0.6114.5000 December 2011 CU ​Project Server 2010 KB2597015 ​Download ​
14.0.6114.5000 December 2011 CU ​FAST Search Server KB2597067 ​Download ​
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​
14.0.6117.5002 ​ February 2012 CU​ SharePoint Server 2010​ KB2597150​ Download​ Bugs, Notes and
Regressions​
14.0.6117.5002 ​ February 2012 CU​ SharePoint Foundation 2010​ KB2597132​ ​Download ​
14.0.6117.5002 ​ February 2012 CU​ Project Server 2010​ KB2597152​ ​Download ​
14.0.6117.5002 ​​ February 2012 CU​ Office Web Apps​ KB2598022​ Download​ ​
14.0.6117.5002 ​February 2012 CU​ ​FAST Search Server KB2597131 ​Download ​
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​
14.0.6120.5000 ​April 2012 CU ​SharePoint Server 2010​ KB2598151 ​Download ​Bugs, Notes and
Regressions
14.0.6120.5000 ​April 2012 CU ​SharePoint Foundation 2010​ KB2598321 ​Download ​
14.0.6120.5000 ​April 2012 CU ​Project Server 2010​ KB2598152 ​Download ​
14.0.6120.5000 ​April 2012 CU ​FAST Search Server KB2598329 ​Download ​

All the information about hotfixes and updates, as well as upgrade approaches can be found at the SharePoint 2010 updates page